مجموعه Study English سری اول – قسمت ۱۵
زبان ویدیو: در این ویدیو قسمت پانزدهم سری اول مجموعه آموزشی Study English برای آمادگی آزمون آیلتس برای شما آماده شده است.
معرفی مجموعه Study English
مجموعه ویدیویی Study English IELTS Preparation، یکی از مجموعه های کامل آمادگی برای آزمون آیلتس IELTS می باشد. آموزش این مجموعه در قالب ۳ سری کامل است، که دارای موضوعات متنوع و جالب می باشد. این مجموعه تمام مهارت های زبان انگلیسی (Reading – Writing – Speaking – Listening) را تقویت می کند. همچنین تمامی نکات مربوط به آزمون را به شما آموزش می دهد و باعث تقویت مهارت مکالمه شما نیز می شود. آموزش این مجموعه بدین صورت می باشد که ابتدا مدرس زبان انگلیسی در مورد درس مربوطه توضیح می دهد و بعد توضیحات درس را در متنی بکار می برد که شما طرز استفاده از آن نکات را متوجه شوید.
متن کامل این ویدیو را می توانید در زیر مشاهده کنید.
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Hello. I’m Margot Politis. Welcome to Study
English, IELTS preparation.2
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Today on Study English we’re looking at adjectives.
How do you use them, how do you order them,3
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and how do you use them to compare and describe
things?4
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First, let’s listen to some descriptions about
the world under the sea, in the Gulf of Carpentaria,5
00:00:36,480 –> 00:00:41,159
off the north coast of Australia. It’s quite
an amazing place.6
00:00:41,159 –> 00:00:46,089
We know more about the surface of the moon
or the surface of Mars, than we do about the7
00:00:46,089 –> 00:00:51,579
sea floor. The sea floor remains the last
unexplored frontier. This is because it’s8
00:00:51,579 –> 00:00:57,210
covered by this impenetrable ocean layer that
we can’t see through. The only way we can9
00:00:57,210 –> 00:01:00,429
see the sea floor is using sonar.10
00:01:00,429 –> 00:01:05,470
The largest reef they mapped is about 10 or
so kilometres across. It’s an oval-shaped11
00:01:05,470 –> 00:01:11,640
feature, so it covers around 100 square kilometres.
Because of the fact that they are submerged12
00:01:11,640 –> 00:01:17,680
in 30m or so of water, the reefs are very
hard to see. No one had realised that the13
00:01:17,680 –> 00:01:21,390
Gulf contained reefs just like the Great Barrier
Reef.14
00:01:21,390 –> 00:01:26,090
Being able to describe things properly is
an important communication skill.15
00:01:26,090 –> 00:01:29,570
You need adjectives for descriptions.16
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They usually come before the nouns they are
describing.17
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The red car.18
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But when you want to accurately describe something,
you often need to use more than one adjective19
00:01:40,230 –> 00:01:42,070
in a row.20
00:01:42,070 –> 00:01:46,920
What if the car is big, red, and made of plastic?21
00:01:46,920 –> 00:01:50,790
We call it the big, red, plastic car.22
00:01:50,790 –> 00:01:55,680
Notice that the adjectives are usually separated
by commas.23
00:01:55,680 –> 00:01:59,890
But why don’t we call it the red, plastic,
big car?24
00:01:59,890 –> 00:02:03,310
How do you know which order to put the adjectives
in?25
00:02:03,310 –> 00:02:09,110
Well, for native speakers, it’s just that
it sounds right, but luckily, there are some26
00:02:09,110 –> 00:02:10,389
rules.27
00:02:10,389 –> 00:02:13,000
It’s called the royal order of adjectives.28
00:02:13,000 –> 00:02:14,450
Let’s have a look at it.29
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First we have the determiner. That’s articles:
a, an,30
00:02:21,280 –> 00:02:27,420
the, numbers,
or the word that describes the amount of something.31
00:02:27,420 –> 00:02:33,850
It can also be the owner, the person or thing
who the noun belongs to.32
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So determiners can be:
a33
00:02:36,490 –> 00:02:38,700
the
many34
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some
or a name, like John’s.35
00:02:42,370 –> 00:02:52,010
So we have a car, many cars, John’s car.
The second type of adjective is opinion or36
00:02:52,010 –> 00:02:57,240
observation. This tells you something about
the quality of the noun:37
00:02:57,240 –> 00:03:02,900
useful, cheap,
ugly, beautiful.38
00:03:02,900 –> 00:03:09,270
Then we have size, for example:
enormous, tiny, huge39
00:03:09,270 –> 00:03:13,810
followed by age.
It could be old, modern,40
00:03:13,810 –> 00:03:20,720
7-year-old.
Then shape, perhaps oval, circular or flat.41
00:03:20,720 –> 00:03:30,630
A colour, like white, black or blue.
Then we have adjectives that describe origin,42
00:03:30,630 –> 00:03:37,550
where the noun is from,
for example Thai, Indonesian, Australian.43
00:03:37,550 –> 00:03:42,680
Followed by material, what the thing is made
of, like copper,44
00:03:42,680 –> 00:03:48,370
plastic or wooden.
Lastly, is the qualifier. This is something45
00:03:48,370 –> 00:03:52,959
that’s an integral part of the noun. Examples
might be a rocking chair,46
00:03:52,959 –> 00:03:59,520
a wedding ring, an electric oven.
There are of course a few exceptions to these47
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rules, but it’s important that you learn them,
and practice them whenever you can.48
00:04:05,270 –> 00:04:09,340
Have a look at these words, and see if you
can turn them into a phrase:49
00:04:09,340 –> 00:04:13,600
wooden square
useful box50
00:04:13,600 –> 00:04:21,160
Lily’s
Well, box is the noun, but what comes first?51
00:04:21,160 –> 00:04:25,220
The determiner. Whose box is it? It’s Lily’s
box.52
00:04:25,220 –> 00:04:31,820
So Lily’s comes first.
Then that’s followed by the observation: the53
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box is useful.
Then, the shape. It’s square.54
00:04:36,930 –> 00:04:41,100
Then, finally the material. It’s a wooden
box.55
00:04:41,100 –> 00:04:48,340
So we have Lily’s useful, square, wooden box.
Good. Now let’s listen to some strings of56
00:04:48,340 –> 00:04:53,120
adjectives from the clip.
The sea floor remains the last unexplored57
00:04:53,120 –> 00:04:58,410
frontier. This is because it’s covered by
this impenetrable ocean layer that we can’t58
00:04:58,410 –> 00:05:03,410
see through. The largest reef they mapped
is about 10 or so kilometres across.59
00:05:03,410 –> 00:05:08,150
He calls the sea floor, the last unexplored
frontier.60
00:05:08,150 –> 00:05:14,480
Let’s look at that phrase.
Frontier is the noun. The others are all describing61
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the noun.
First, we have the determiners ‘the’ and ‘last’62
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Last expresses a number, so it goes second.
Then unexplored. That’s an observation. It’s63
00:05:28,710 –> 00:05:34,830
a quality of the frontier.
OK. Now what about this impenetrable ocean64
00:05:34,830 –> 00:05:40,010
layer?
Well, layer is the noun. All the other words65
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are adjectives.
This is the determiner.66
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Impenetrable is an observation. It describes
a quality of the ocean layer.67
00:05:51,370 –> 00:05:57,890
Ocean here is the qualifier. Almost part of
the noun, it’s not just a layer, it’s an ocean68
00:05:57,890 –> 00:06:05,860
layer.
OK, now you try one.69
00:06:05,860 –> 00:06:09,900
Look at these words. They form a phrase that
he used:70
00:06:09,900 –> 00:06:18,930
largest, reef, the.
Well, reef is the noun, so it comes last.71
00:06:18,930 –> 00:06:25,060
‘The’ is a determiner, so it comes first.
Largest describes the size, so that comes72
00:06:25,060 –> 00:06:30,330
after the.
So we have the largest reef.73
00:06:30,330 –> 00:06:35,350
OK. There’s another way adjectives can be
used as well.74
00:06:35,350 –> 00:06:41,240
They can stand alone. They describe nouns
by following the verb, to be.75
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When used in this way, adjectives are complements.
Listen to one here:76
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The Gulf of Carpentaria is very flat and featureless.
The Gulf of Carpentaria is very flat and featureless.77
00:06:55,979 –> 00:07:02,320
In a phrase, this would be the very flat,
featureless Gulf of Carpentaria.78
00:07:02,320 –> 00:07:06,979
But used as a complement, the phrase becomes
a full sentence.79
00:07:06,979 –> 00:07:15,940
The Gulf of Carpentaria is very flat and featureless.
We can take the phrase the big red car and80
00:07:15,940 –> 00:07:22,240
turn it into a sentence.
The car is big, red and plastic.81
00:07:22,240 –> 00:07:25,229
Notice that the order of adjectives still
stays the same.82
00:07:25,229 –> 00:07:31,740
Now, let’s look at how you go about describing
things. It’s often necessary to focus on particular83
00:07:31,740 –> 00:07:39,030
features, such as shape, size, dimension,
weight, colour or texture.84
00:07:39,030 –> 00:07:43,440
The more you have built up your vocabulary
of adjectives, the better your ability to85
00:07:43,440 –> 00:07:48,889
describe things accurately.
So you might write up adjective lists according86
00:07:48,889 –> 00:07:53,530
to groups.
To describe shapes we can say:87
00:07:53,530 –> 00:08:01,770
circular, triangular, rectangular,
spherical, but we just say square.88
00:08:01,770 –> 00:08:07,419
It’s also possible to describe something by
saying it’s like something common.89
00:08:07,419 –> 00:08:11,830
So we can say something is egg-shaped, or
kidney-shaped.90
00:08:11,830 –> 00:08:16,160
Listen:
The largest reef they mapped is about 10 or91
00:08:16,160 –> 00:08:23,449
so kilometres across. It’s an oval-shaped
feature, so it covers around 100 square kilometres.92
00:08:23,449 –> 00:08:27,900
When you’re writing, you should always aim
to make your descriptions as accurate as you93
00:08:27,900 –> 00:08:31,370
can.
But sometimes you can’t be exact, and you94
00:08:31,370 –> 00:08:37,080
need just describe something approximately.
The largest reef they mapped is about 10 or95
00:08:37,080 –> 00:08:43,919
so kilometres across. It’s an oval-shaped
feature, so it covers around 100 square kilometres.96
00:08:43,919 –> 00:08:48,960
Because of the fact that they are submerged
in 30m or so of water, they reefs are very97
00:08:48,960 –> 00:08:55,190
hard to see.
Dr Harris uses the words about, around, or98
00:08:55,190 –> 00:09:00,670
so with numbers.
About 10 kilometres or so.99
00:09:00,670 –> 00:09:05,899
Around 100 square kilometres.
30 metres or so.100
00:09:05,899 –> 00:09:12,080
Notice that the phrase ‘or so’, always comes
after the number, but the others all come101
00:09:12,080 –> 00:09:18,029
before.
You might also hear people say around about.102
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In formal language, we’d probably say approximately.
These are all signs that the amount is not103
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exact.
And now, it’s around about time for me to104
00:09:28,300 –> 00:09:31,720
go. I’ll see you next time for more Study
English.105
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Bye bye.